![]() ![]() In Muslim discourses since the 19th century CE that appeal to notions of religious and/ or cultural authenticity, such portrayals have been selectively drawn upon by Muslim intellectuals, authors, traditionally trained religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ), ideologues and activists of various political persuasions, as well as by Muslim feminists, in order to provide cultural and/ or religious legitimation for their respective stances in contemporary debates about gender roles, family, and sexuality. These variegated depictions–which include idealized portrayals of dutiful wives, outspoken and eloquent women, self-sacrificing mothers, and fearsome female warriors – play diverse literary roles in the texts within which they appear. Representations of early Islam which include female figures appear in a wide range of classical Arabic texts. ![]()
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